CompTIA Network+ N10-008 Study Guide

Chapter 7 IP (Internet Protocol) Addressing

Objectives

1.4 Given a scenario, configure a subnet and use appropriate IP addressing schemes

IP Terminology

  • Bit - A bit is one binary digit, either a 1 or a 0
  • Byte - A byte is 7 or 8 bits depending o whether parity is used
  • Octet - An octet, mae up of 8 bits, is just an ordinary 8-bit binary number
  • Network Address - This is the designation used in routing to send packets to a remote network. for example 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, and 192.168.10.0
  • IP Address - A logical address used to define a single host;
  • Broadcast Address - The broadcast address is used by applications and hosts to send information to all hosts on a network.

The Hierarchical IP Addressing Scheme

  • IPv4 Addresses are four octets that makeup an address ranging from 0 to 255 per octet
  • Typically the IPv4 address 255.0.0.0 and 255.255.255.255 are reserved on cloud platform networks
  • Typically the IPv6 address uses hexidecimal format similar to FF:FF:FF:FF:FF. Note: FF:FF:FF:FF:FF is reserved for DHCP request lookups, but here we use it as an example

Network Addressing

Class networks were created to address hierarchies of how big a network can be.

Three classes of networks table

  8 bits 8 bits 8 bits 8 bits
Class A Network Host Host Host
Class B Network Network Host Host
Class C Network Network Network Host
Class D Multicast      
Class E Research      

IPv4 Addressing

  • Layer 2 Broadcasts - Sent to all nodes on the Local Area Network (LAN). These broadcasts are also known as Hardware broadcasts. and typically are 6 bytes (48-bits)
  • Broadcasts (Layer 3) - Network broadcasts which are meant to reach all hosts. These Broadcasts are a way for systems to route traffic internally on a broadcast domain or through a gateway to reach it’s destination address.
  • Unicast - Single interface broadcast which is described in both IPv4 and IPv6
  • Mulicast (Class D) - Multicasting is a way that we can broadcast messages to multiple specific hosts instead of everyone at once.

IPv6 Address Types

  • Unicast - Packets addressed to unicast address are deliverd to a single interface
  • Global Unicast - These are your typical publicly routable addresses, and they’re used the same way globally unique addresses are in IPv4
  • Link-Local - Similar to Automatic Private Internet Protocol Addressing (APIPA) in that they are not meant to be routed and are unique for each unique local area network (LAN)
  • Unique Local - Can be routed throughout a company and are meant to be only routed within the local network but could be routed outside
  • Multicast - Known as a one to many address in which they can be cloned and forwarded to many specific interfaces
  • Anycast - Known as one to nearest addressing in that it can send a broadcast to the first node which has an interface that matches the logical address

Special Addresses

Addresses Meaning
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:0 Equals :: and is the equivalent of 0.0.0.0 and is typically the source address of a host before the host receives an IP address when you’re using DHCP-driven stateful configuration
0:0:0:0:0:0:0:1 IPv4 version of 127.0.0.1
0::FFFF:192.168.100.1 mixed IPv4 and IPv6 together in a network environment
2000::/3 The global unicast address range allocated for internet access
FC00::/7 The unique local unicast range
FE80::/10 The link-local unicast range
FF00::/8 The multicast range
3FFF:FFFF::/32 Reserved for examples and documentation
2001:0DB8::/32 Also reserved for examples and documentation
2002::/16 Used with 6to4 tunneling, which is an IPv4-to-IPv6 transition system.

Exam Essentials

  • Remember Class A range
  • Remember Class B Range
  • Remember Class C Range
  • Remember the Private IP Ranges
  • Remember the Automatic Private Internet Protocol (APIPA) Ranges
  • Understand why we need IPv6
  • Understand link-local
  • Understand unique-local
  • Remember IPv6 addressing
  • Understand and be able to read an EUI-64 address with the 7th bit inverted

Written Lab Questions

Part 1

  1. What is the valid range used for a Class C private IP Address?
  2. Name some of the benefits of IPv6 over IPv4
  3. What is the term for the autoconfiguration technology responsible for addresses that start with 169.254?
  4. What defines a unicast address?
  5. What defines a multicast address?
  6. What is the name of ra 48-bit (6-byte) numerical address physically assigned to a network interface, such as a Network Interface Card (NIC)
  7. IPv6 has how many more bits, compared to addresses in IPv4?
  8. What is the private address range for Class B networks?
  9. What is the class C range of values for the first octet in decimal and in binary?
  10. What is the 127.0.0.1 address used for?

Part 2

  1. Which type of packet is addressed and delivered to only a single interface?
  2. Which type of address is used just like a regular public routable address in IPv4?
  3. Which type of address is not meant to be routed?
  4. Which type of address is not meant to be routed to the Internet but is still globally unique?
  5. Which type of address is meant to be delivered to multiple interfaces?
  6. Which type of address identifies multiple interfaces, but packets are delivered only to the first address it finds?
  7. Which address type is also referred to as on-to-nearest?
  8. IPv4 had a loopback address of 127.0.0.1. What is the IPv6 loopback address?
  9. What does a link-local address always start with?
  10. What does a unique local unicast range start with?

Review Questions

  1. Which of the following addresses is not allowed on the Internet?
    • A. 191.192.168.1
    • B. 191.168.169.254
    • C. 172.32.255.0
    • D. 172.31.12.251
  2. A host automatically configured with an address from which of the following ranges indicates an inability to contact a DHCP server?
    • A. 169.254.0.x with a mask of 255.255.255.0
    • B. 169.54.x.x with a mask of 255.255.0.0
    • C. 169.254.x.x with a mastk of 255.255.255.255.0
    • D. 169.255.x.x with a mastk of 255.255.0.0
  3. Which statement regarding private IP addresses is most accurate?
    • A. Private addresses cannot be used in inranets that require routing
    • B. Private addresses must be assigned by a registrar or ISP
    • C. A remote host accross the Internet cannot ping your host if it has a private address
    • D. Private addresses can only be used by a single administrative domain
  4. Which of the following is a valid Class A address?
    • A. 191.10.0.1
    • B. 127.10.0.1
    • C. 128.10.0.1
    • D. 126.10.0.1
  5. Which of the following is a valid Class B address?
    • A. 10.1.1.1
    • B. 126.1.1.1
    • C. 129.1.1.1
    • D. 192.168.1.1
  6. Which of the following describes a broadcast address?
    • A. All network bits are on (1s)
    • B. All host bits are on (1s)
    • C. All network bits are off (0s)
    • D. All host bits are off (0s)
  7. which of the following is a layer 2 broadcast?
    • A. FF.FF.FF.EE.EE.EE
    • B. FF.FF.FF.FF.FF.FF
    • C. 255.255.255.255
    • D. 255.0.0.0
  8. in a class C IP address, how long is the network address?
    • A. 8 bits
    • B. 16 bits
    • C. 24 bits
    • D. 32 bits
  9. Which of the following is true when described a unicast address?
    • A. packets addressed to a unicast address are delivered to a single interface
    • B. These are your typical publicly routable address, just like regular publicly routable address, in IPv4
    • C. These are like private address in IPv4 in that they are not meant to be routed
    • D. These addresses are meant for nonrouting purposes, but they are almost globally unique so it is unlikely they will have an address overlap
  10. A host is rebooted and you view the IP address that is was assigned. The address is 169.123.13.3. Which of the following happened?
    • A. the host received an APIPA address
    • B. The host received a multicast address
    • C. The host received a public address
    • D. Teh host received a private address
  11. An IPv4 address uses 32 bits. How many bits is an IPv6 address?
    • A. 64
    • B. 128
    • C. 192
    • D. 255
  12. Which of the following is true when describing a multicast address
    • A. Packets addressed to a unicast address from a mulicast address are delivered to a single interface
    • B. Packets are delivered to all interfaces identified by the addresses. This is also called a on-to-many address
    • C. It identifies multiple interfaces and is delivered to only one address. This address can also be called on-to-on-of-many
    • D. These addresses are meant for nonrouting purposes, but they are almost globally unique so it is unlikely they will have an address overlap
  13. Which of the following is true when describing an anycast address?
    • A. Packets addresses to a unicast address from an anycast address are delivered to a single interface
    • B. Packets are delivered to all interfaces identified by the address. This is also called a on-to-many-address
    • C. This address identifies multiple interfaces, and the anycast packet is delivered to only address: the closest one. This address can also be called one-to-nearest
    • D. These addresses are meant for nonrouting purposes, but they are almost globally unique so it is unlikely they will have an address overlap
  14. You want to ping the loopback address of your local host. Which two address could you type? (Choose two)
    • A. ping 127.0.0.1
    • B. ping 0.0.0.0
    • C. ping ::1
    • D. trace 0.0.::1
  15. What two statements about IPv6 addresses are true? (Choose two)
    • A. Leading zeroes are required
    • B. Two colons (::) are used to represent successive hexadecimal fields of zeroes
    • c. Two colons (::) are used to separate fields
    • D. A single interface will have multiple IPv6 addresses of different types
  16. What two statements about IPv4 and IPv6 addresses are true (Choose two.)
    • A. An IPv6 address is 32 bits long, represented in hexadecimal
    • B. An IPv6 address is 128 bits long, represented in decimal
    • C. An IPv6 address is 32 bits long, represented in hexadecimal
    • D. An IPv6 address is 128 bits long, represented in decimal
  17. Which of the following is a Class C Network address?
    • A. 10.10.10.0
    • B. 127.0.0.1
    • C. 128.0.0.0
    • D. 192.255.254.0
  18. Which of the following are private Internet Protocol (IP) addresses (Choose two)
    • A. 12.0.0.01
    • B. 168.172.19.39
    • C. 172.20.14.36
    • D. 172.33.194.30
    • E. 192.168.24.43
  19. IPv6 unicast routing is running on the corp router. Which of the following addresses would be used as the EUI-64 address
    • A. FF02::3c3d:0d:bdff:fe3b:0d80
    • B. FE80::3c3d:2d:bdff:fe:3b:0d80
    • C. Fe80::3c3d:0d:bdff:fe:3b:0d80
    • D: FE80::3c3d:2d:ffbd:3bfe:0d80
  20. Which of the following is an invalid IP address for a host?
    • A. 10.0.01
    • B. 128.0.0.1
    • C. 224.0.0.1
    • D. 127.0.0.1

Written Lab Answers

Part 1

  1. The class c private range is 192.168.0.0 through 192.168.255.255
  2. IPv6 has the following characteristics, among other,s that make it preferable to IPv4: more avaialble addresses, simpler header, options for authentication, and other security
  3. Automatice Private IP Addressing (APIPA) is the technology that results in hosts automatically configuring themsevles with addresses that begin with 169.254
  4. An IP address assigned to an interface, considered a on-to-one communication
  5. One-to-many address
  6. A MAC address, sometimes called a hardware address or even a burned in address
  7. IPv6 has 128-bit (16 octet) address, compared to IPv4’s 32-bit (4-octet) addresses, so 96 more bits than IPv4
  8. 127.16.0.0 through 172.31.255.255
  9. 192-233, 110xxxxx
  10. Loopback or diagnostics. Actually, the full range of 127.0.01 through 172.255.255.255.254 is referred to as the loopback address

Part 2

  1. Unicast
  2. Global Unicast
  3. Link-local
  4. Unique local (used to be called site-local)
  5. Mulicast
  6. Anycast
  7. Anycast
  8. ::1
  9. FE80::/10
  10. FC00::/7

Review Question Answers

  1. D
  2. B
  3. C
  4. D
  5. C
  6. B
  7. B
  8. C
  9. A
  10. C
  11. B
  12. B
  13. C
  14. A, C
  15. B, D
  16. C, D
  17. D
  18. C, E
  19. B
  20. C