• Networking; Connecting your machine to the other computers, local or remote.
  • Accessing a printer on a home network or browsing a webpage on the internet
  • these tasks require sending and receiving data

Webserver

  • Stores and serves files that makes up a website
  • Common server applications are Apache, and Microsoft Internet Information Services (IIS)
  • The system requesting information is typically the client, and the remote system that is providing the data is the server.

Addresses

  • MAC address: Unique to a system machine typically based on a manufacture, and the way that it was generated afterwards.
  • IP Address (v4 and v6):

Ethernet

  • Network protocoal
  • Allows for connecting a computer system to another broader network or to directly to another computer system

Cable

  • Untwisted Pair (UTP) cabling is the specified cabling for 10/100/1000 Gbps
  • Many types of twisted pair cable are available
  • The Cat level should be clearly marked on the cable

Wiring

  • Two pairs of wires, one pair for sending, and one pair for receiving.
  • Cat6 is more common as of 2021
  • RJ (Registered Jack)
  • Colors (in order)
    • Green
    • Dashed Green
    • Blue
    • Dashbed Blue
    • Orange
    • Dashed Orage
    • Brown
    • Dashed Brown

RJ-49, and RJ-11

  • RJ-49 is for common systems for data
  • RJ-11 is for phone systems

Fiber Optic

  • Uses light
  • It is immune to electrical problems such as lightning, short circuits, and static
  • Fiber optic signals travel 2000 meters or more
  • Older connections are uniderctional
  • Require two cables in fiber optic cables
  • Most systems use LEDs for light systems

Cable Modems

  • Use regular Coax cables
  • These are also used for cable TV have a 75-ohm impedance
  • They use A BNC connector or a F-type connector

Structured Cabling

  • Structred cabling is a standarization system for cabling server computing devices
  • The design and installation is governed by a set of standards

backbone Cabling

  • Entrance Facilities
  • Equipment Room
  • Backbone Cabling
  • Telecommunications Room and Enclosure
  • Horizontal Cabling
  • Work Area

Protocols

TCP/UDP/IP

  • Transportation Control Protocol (TCP)
  • IP (Internet Protocol)
  • User Datagram Protocol (UDP)

TCP

  • More reliable than UDP. It guarantees that the network packet made it to where it should have

UDP

  • Faster than UDP, connectionless service, doesn’t provide sequencing or akwoledgement or recovery

OSI Model

  • Application
  • Presentation
  • Session
  • Transport
  • Network
  • Data Link
  • Physical

IPv4/Ipv6

IPv4 has less addresses available that can or will be used. This has four octets of 8 bit assignments. 32-bit address assignment.

IPv6

Created because IPv4 addresses have run out due to limitations of the upper bounds of a 32-bit address. Parts are

  • Site prefix
  • Subnet ID
  • Interface ID
  • Last 64-bits of IPv6 are generated by the NIC

Special Prefixes

  • 2002::/16 indicates that a 6to5 routing prefix follows
  • fe80::/10 indicates that a link-local address follows
  • ff00::/8 indicates that a multicast address

Unicast Addresses

  • Global unicast address
    • required to connect to the internet. Special packet that looks for a router.
  • Link-local address

All interfaces of IPv6 hosts require a link-local address IPv6 link-local addresses have the prefix fe80::/10

Subnet Masking

Classes

Originally subnets fell into “classes” but they no longer exist

  • Classless inter-domain routing (CIDR)
  • e.g. 192.168.100.14/24 for IPv4
    • the 24 indicates the subnet mask
  • Routing prefix is 192.168.100.0 and the subnet mask is 255.255.255.0
  • IPv4 block 192.168.100.0/22 represents the 1024 IPv4 addresses from 192.168.100.0 to 192.168.103.25

Domain Name Service (DNS)

  • DNS helps resolve IP addresses to physical host names visa-versa.

Commands and Tools

  • ping: Check an IP address or a hostname to see if the service possibly will respond
  • ipconfig: Windows tool to view network settings
  • ifconfig: MacOS tool to view network settings
  • nslookup: Powerful tool for getting DNS server information

Dial Up and IDSN

  • Allow for networking software to communicate over Phone systems RJ-11
  • Consumes a phone line
  • Old Technology, no longer widely used.

DSL

  • Telephone lines used to connect
  • Can provide much faster speeds than cable systems
  • Requires a splitter for phone and modem

Fiber

  • System that uses optical connections sending data as light